Repetitive motion feedback system and method of practicing a repetitive motion

ABSTRACT

A repetitive motion feedback system is provided with various sensors and devices for monitoring aspects of a repetitive motion sequence, such as a golf swing. The monitored aspects can include motion properties of an object moved by the user, position properties of the user and motion properties of the user. A data processing system for receiving data of the monitored aspects provides feedback data that is provided to a feedback output device, such as a graphical display device or speaker, so that the user is provided with feedback regarding the repetitive motion sequence. In one particular embodiment, the user&#39;s performance is compared to a template of a prior performance, with feedback being provided regarding the differences.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The invention relates generally to a feedback system for arepetitive motion and method of practicing a repetitive motion by anindividual, particularly those repetitive movements that involve themovement of an object by the individual.

BACKGROUND

[0002] There have been numerous and varied methods and devices developedfor practicing repetitive movements, particularly those movements usedfor sports, recreational or athletic activities, such as golf or tennis.These methods or devices typically focus on one particular aspect of therepetitive motion, such as the grip, position or orientation of theindividual's head or body, or the position or orientation of the deviceor instrument being held or moved by the individual during therepetitive motion. In many cases, a practice device is employed thatsecures to the user or the object moved by the user to restrict or limitthe ability to make undesirable movements. Many of these devices areused only during practice and would otherwise not be used during normalplay or performance of the repetitive motion. Additionally, thesedevices are often cumbersome and difficult to use, making themundesirable.

[0003] Despite the many devices and methods that have been developedover the past, one of the best methods of practicing repetitivemovements merely involves the use of a coach or professional instructorwho actually observes the individual or student during practice of therepetitive motion. After observation of the individual, the instructorcan provide feedback to the individual regarding their performance andcommunicate ways to improve upon the individual's performance.

[0004] The use of an instructor has obvious limitations, however. Thetime and attention an instructor can give may be limited, particularlyif there is more than one student that must be observed during aparticular practice session. And even if private or one-on-oneinstruction is used, seldom will an instructor be available to superviseall of the individual's practice sessions or be able to fully observeeach and every repetitive motion performed by the individual during thepractice session. Further, an instructor may not be able to monitor eachand every aspect of the individual's performance, particularly thoseaspects that are not easily monitored by merely observing the individualperform the repetitive motion. Another limitation is that for many,particularly for private or one-on-one-type instruction, hiring aprofessional instructor can be expensive or even cost prohibitive.

[0005] Visual recording or videotaping of the repetitive motion sequencefor post-analysis by the individual or an instructor has also been usedas a practicing aid. Although, this may be beneficial, it does notprovide immediate feedback to allow the individual to adjust his or herperformance accordingly during the practice session. Further, unless theindividual is quite knowledgeable of the mechanics of a properlyexecuted motion sequence, little benefit may be derived from this methodwithout involvement of a coach or instructor who can point out theproper or improper aspects of the recorded motion sequence.

[0006] What is therefore needed is a means for practicing a repetitivemotion that overcomes many of the shortcomings of these prior artmethods.

SUMMARY

[0007] A method of practicing a repetitive motion by an individual isprovided. The method includes having the individual perform a repetitivemotion sequence, such as a golf swing. A combination of at least two ofproperties a, b and c during the motion sequence are monitored. Theproperties a, b and c include:

[0008] (a) motion properties of an object moved by the individual duringthe repetitive motion sequence;

[0009] (b) position properties of the individual during the motionsequence; and

[0010] (c) movement properties of the individual during the motionsequence.

[0011] Information relating to the properties of the monitoredcombination are graphically displayed simultaneously with or immediatelyafter the repetitive motion sequence on a graphical display device thatis in visual proximity to the individual so that the individual isprovided with the information upon performing the repetitive motionsequence.

[0012] A repetitive motion template of a previously monitoredcombination of a repetitive motion sequence may also be provided in themethod. The template may be a previously monitored repetitive motionsequence of the individual. The repetitive motion template is comparedto the newly monitored repetitive motion sequence. Feedback, which maybe audio feedback, visual feedback, or both, is provided to theindividual based upon the differences in the newly monitored repetitivemotion sequence to the repetitive motion template. The properties of themonitored combination may also be stored in a data storage device.

[0013] A repetitive motion feedback system for a repetitive motionperformed by an individual is also provided. The feedback systemincludes a feedback output device and a combination of at least twoelements a, b and c, wherein the elements a, b and c are comprised of:

[0014] (a) an object motion sensor for providing motion data of a movingobject when moved by the individual during a motion sequence;

[0015] (b) a position sensor for providing position data of theindividual during the motion sequence; and

[0016] (c) a motion capturing device for capturing motion image data ofthe individual during the motion sequence.

[0017] A data processing system receives data from the combination of atleast two elements and provides feedback data that is provided to thefeedback output device.

[0018] In more specific embodiments, the feedback output device mayinclude a graphical display device, a visual feedback device or an audiofeedback device for providing visual or audio feedback. The audiofeedback may further include verbalized audio feedback. The motion datamay include speed and direction data of the moving object.

[0019] The repetitive motion feedback system may further include a datastorage device coupled to the data processing system. A template ofpreviously stored data from the combination of the at least two elementsfrom a previously performed motion sequence is stored in the datastorage device, and the data processing system compares newly monitoreddata to the previously stored data to determine differences in the newlystored and previously stored data and provides feedback data based uponthe differences in the compared newly monitored and previously storeddata.

[0020] A communication network may be coupled to the data storage devicefor communicating the stored data to another location. A filter may alsobe provided for selectively limiting the feedback that is provided tothe feedback output device. A remote data receiving system may also becoupled to the communication network for accessing the stored data at alocation remote from the data processing system.

[0021] In another embodiment of the invention, a method of practicing agolf swing performed by an individual is provided. The method isaccomplished by having the individual perform a golf swing andmonitoring position properties of at least one of the individual's feetduring the golf swing. The position properties are graphically displayedin the form of footprint images of the at least one of the individual'sfeet, the footprint images having contrasted areas corresponding to therelative degree of pressure exerted by the at least one of theindividual's feet during the golf swing simultaneously with orimmediately after the golf swing on a graphical display device that isin visual proximity to the individual so that the individual is providedwith the images upon performing the golf swing. The method may furtherinclude providing a golf swing template of previously monitored positionproperties and comparing the newly monitored position properties to thetemplate. Feedback is then provided to the individual based upondifferences in the newly monitored position properties to the template.

[0022] In still another embodiment, a method of practicing a golf swingperformed by an individual is accomplished by having the individualperform a golf swing and monitoring movement properties of theindividual during the golf swing. Information relating to the monitoredproperties upon performing the golf swing is graphically displayed inthe form of a 3-dimensional model on a graphical display device that isin visual proximity to the individual so that the individual is providedwith the information upon performing the golf swing. Thethree-dimensional model allows the individual to selectively view themodel at any point during the golf swing and from any desired angle.

[0023] In another aspect of the invention, a method of comparing atleast two different individuals' performances of a repetitive motionsequence is provided. The method is accomplished by having theindividuals each perform a repetitive motion sequence. At least one ofthe properties a, b and c is monitored during the motion sequence,wherein the properties a, b and c include:

[0024] (a) motion properties of an object moved by the individualsduring the repetitive motion sequence monitored by an object motionsensor;

[0025] (b) position properties of the individuals during the motionsequence monitored by a position properties sensor; and

[0026] (c) movement properties of the individuals during the motionsequence as monitored by a motion capturing device.

[0027] The at least one of the monitored properties of the individualsis then compared and comparative feedback is provided, such as on agraphical display device, based upon differences between the monitoredproperties of the individuals. In a particular embodiment, data relatingto the monitored properties of at least one of the individuals is storedon a data storage device that is coupled to a communication network andcomparing the monitored properties includes retrieving the stored dataof the at least one individual from the data storage device through thecommunication network and comparing the stored data to data of the otherat least two individuals relating to the monitored properties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, andthe advantages thereof, reference is now made to the followingdescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, inwhich:

[0029]FIG. 1 is a general schematic of a repetitive motion feedbacksystem, constructed in accordance with the invention;

[0030]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a golf bay incorporating therepetitive motion feedback system for a golf swing, which includes agraphical display device, and is constructed in accordance with theinvention;

[0031]FIG. 3A is an upper left quadrant display on the graphical displaydevice of FIG. 2, showing information relating to club and ball movementand impact;

[0032]FIG. 3B is an alternate upper left quadrant display of thegraphical display device of FIG. 2, showing a simulated pictorial imageof a golf hole and information relating to club and ball movement;

[0033]FIG. 3C is still another alternate upper left quadrant display ofthe graphical display device of FIG. 2, showing tabulated data relatingto club and ball movement;

[0034]FIG. 4A is a upper right quadrant display of the graphical displaydevice of FIG. 2, showing weight distribution images and center ofgravity;

[0035]FIG. 4B is another upper right quadrant display of the graphicaldisplay device of FIG. 2, showing weight distribution images and thehistory or path of the center of gravity;

[0036]FIG. 5A is a lower left quadrant display of the graphical displaydevice of FIG. 2, showing side-by-side front view video images of anewly performed and template swing of a user;

[0037]FIG. 5B is a alternate lower left quadrant display of thegraphical display device of FIG. 2, showing side-by-side video images ofthe newly performed and template swings, looking downrange from the sideof the user;

[0038]FIG. 6A is a lower right quadrant display of the graphical displaydevice of FIG. 2, showing a 3-dimensional model image of the user froman optical motion capturing device, with multiple images of a golf clubillustrating the path of the user's swing;

[0039]FIG. 6B is an alternate lower left quadrant display of thegraphical display device of FIG. 2, showing a 3-dimensional model imageof the user from an optical motion capturing device, with linesindicating the arc or path of the user's swing;

[0040]FIG. 6C is another alternate lower left quadrant display of thegraphical display of FIG. 2, showing a 3-dimensional model image of theuser from an optical motion capturing device, with reference linesshowing the orientation of the user's body during a swing;

[0041]FIG. 7 is a detailed view of a control panel for use ininterfacing with and providing instructions to the feedback system;

[0042]FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of the graphical display device of FIG.2, showing a menu displayed with various options that can be selected byuser;

[0043]FIG. 9 is flow diagram illustrating a practice session mode ofoperation for a golf swing utilizing the feedback system in accordancewith the invention;

[0044]FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of a communication networkinterconnecting several practice stations and user systems in accordancewith the invention;

[0045]FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating a comparison mode ofoperation for a golf swing utilizing the feedback system in accordancewith the invention; and

[0046]FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a batting cage or bayincorporating the repetitive motion feedback system for a bat swing, andwhich is constructed in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] By employing a system wherein various aspects or properties of arepetitive motion sequence are monitored and immediate feedbackregarding these monitored properties are provided to the individualperforming the repetitive motion sequence, an improved method ofpracticing the repetitive motion is obtained. Further, the feedback caninclude comparison of the monitored properties to properties of a modelor template motion sequence so that the individual can determinedifferences between the performed motion sequence and the model ortemplate and thereby endeavor to adjust his or her performance of themotion sequence accordingly during the practice session to more closelymatch that of the template or model.

[0048] The invention has application to virtually any repetitive motionactivity or sequence that may be performed by an individual,particularly those associated with sports, recreational and otherathletic-type activities or pursuits, particularly those involvingmovement of a 3-dimensional physical object, such as a ball, club orsimilar object, by the individual through an area of space. Therepetitive motion activity is contrasted and distinguished, however,from those activities performed solely through interaction with objectsappearing on a video screen or other display, such as in video games,wherein one interacts with the video display by means of a joystick,controller or otherwise, by manipulating or moving an object appearingon a screen or display. The repetitive motion activities include but arenot limited to activities such as golf, tennis, hitting a baseball,bowling, fencing, etc. that usually require consistent form or techniqueto ensure a good performance.

[0049] For illustrative purposes and ease of description, the followingdisclosure is primarily directed to the repetitive motion of a golfswing. And in fact, the invention is particularly well suited to thepractice of a golf swing. It should be apparent to those skilled in theart, however, that the invention can be easily adapted to otheractivities involving repetitive motion wherein physical 3-dimensionalobjects are moved through an area of space, and should thus not belimited to this particular activity or repetitive motion.

[0050] In golf, as in most repetitive motion sports, it is highlybeneficial that the individual golfer be able to repeat or duplicate aswing to ensure good and consistent golf shots. There are many factorsor variables that contribute to a golf swing, however, variances in anyone of these factors is varied to any degree it can result in a poorswing and less than desirable ball trajectory. Because the motionsequence that makes up a golf swing occurs fairly rapidly, there islittle opportunity for analyzing the many variables that make up theswing. And without proper feedback regarding what is occurring right orwrong during the swing, many may fail to improve even after many longhours of practice.

[0051] The present invention utilizes various means for monitoringcertain variables during a golf swing. It may be advantageous to monitordifferent variables depending upon the activity or type of repetitivemotion. For golf and many other activities, the variables monitored mayinclude 1) motion properties of an object moved by an individual duringthe repetitive motion sequence; 2) position properties of the individualduring the motion sequence; and 3) movement properties of the individualduring the motion sequence. Referring to FIG. 1, a general schematicdiagram of a repetitive motion feedback system is shown. Informationregarding these monitored properties of a repetitive motion is detectedor sensed by various devices. These include an object motion sensor 10,a weight placement or pressure distribution sensor 12, a video camera orcameras 14 and an optical motion capturing system 16.

[0052] Data from the various sensors is provided to a data processingsystem 18. The data processing system 18 may be a computer system havingone or more processors, and may include a personal computer or a networkserver containing one or more programs. The data from the sensors isstored in a data storage device 20, which is coupled to the dataprocessing system 18. The data storage device may be a semiconductor,magnetic or optical memory device, and may include such devices asfloppy disks, fixed or hard disks, CD's, magnetic tapes or other devicescapable of storing such data that are well known to those skilled in theart. Data may be collected and stored continuously, or alternativelyonly selected data may be stored during a practice session orperformance of a repetitive motion sequence. The selected data may bestored or saved at the direction of the individual or an observer orinstructor or upon the occurrence of an event, such as a particularmonitored event.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, model or template data is stored inthe data storage device coupled to the data processing system. During apractice session, the data processing system compares the model ortemplate data to the data collected from the sensors 10, 12, 14, and 16and provides comparison feedback data or information based upon thedifferences between the model or template data and the newly collecteddata.

[0054] Preferably, information regarding the monitored properties isprovided or displayed on a user interface that includes a graphicaldisplay device 22 located near or in visual proximity to the individualperforming the repetitive motion so that feedback regarding theindividual's performance is provided to the individual during orimmediately following the motion sequence. The information may beprovided in “real time” either simultaneously with or immediately afterperforming the motion sequence.

[0055] Feedback that may be based on the comparison feedback may bepresented on the display device 22 or as audio feedback through aspeaker 24 or both.

[0056] Instructions and user input may be provided to the dataprocessing system by means of a controller 25.

[0057] In a more specific embodiment, a repetitive motion feedbacksystem for a golf swing is illustrated in FIG. 2. A practice station orgolf bay 26 similar to those used at driving ranges and the like isprovided. The bay 26 has a driving station area 28 having a ballstriking surface or mat 30 of artificial turf or the like upon which agolf ball can be positioned and struck. The mat 30 may be provided witha tee 32 or similar device for resting or positioning an actual golfball. The bay 26 may be located outdoors or indoors. Preferably, the bay26 opens onto a driving range or other open area so that the ball isallowed to travel normally, thus allowing the user to see the actualflight and path of the ball down range after it is hit. Alternatively, anet or other ball-capturing device positioned for arresting the flightof the ball after it has been hit may be used where space is limited.

[0058] The driving station 28 also includes a weight placement mat 34upon which the user stands to provide position properties of the user.The mat 34 is provided with pressure sensors to detect the weightplacement and pressure exerted by the user's feet when positionedthereon. The weight placement sensor 34 is of the type that can becoupled to a computer or other data processing device for processing theweight placement data and provide output of the weight placementinformation in a suitable display, such as on a monitor or screen formonitoring the weight placement of the user upon the mat. Preferably,the mat 34 provides information to derive a visual image of the user'sfeet and the amount or relative degree of pressure exerted by differentareas of each of the user's feet. Additionally, the position orinformation regarding the user's center of gravity is provided so thatit too can be displayed and viewed. An example of one such suitablecommercially available pressure sensor device is that available fromTekscan Inc., Boston, Mass., and marketed as the ISCAN® System. Pressuresensor arrays of the type used in such mats are described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,856,993 and 5,505,072, which are herein incorporated byreference. Such sensors typically employ two thin sheets of materialthat have electrically conductive electrodes deposited in variouspatterns on the surface thereof. Typically the electrodes are arrangedin a crisscross or grid pattern, with one sheet having electrodesarranged as columns and the other as rows that intersect when positionedone on top of the other. A semi-conductive material is positionedbetween the two sheets, and by measuring changes in the current flow atthe intersections of the electrodes, the applied force or pressuredistribution can be measured and observed.

[0059] An object motion sensor 36 is located adjacent the strikingsurface 30. The motion sensor 36 detects motion data of an object movedby the user. For golf, this includes motion data of both the club swungby the user and the golf ball that it hits. The information that themotion sensor 36 detects may include, but is not limited to, clubfaceangle at impact, position of impact on the clubface, ball speed, clubspeed, ball back spin and side spin revolution rate, club swing pathangle, and ball path and trajectory data, which includes ball launchangle, off line distance, final distance from the pin or target, flighttime and ball height.

[0060] The object motion sensor 36 is preferably of the type that can becoupled to a computer or other data processing device for processing theobject motion data sensed by the sensor 36 and output the object motioninformation in a suitable display, such as on a monitor or screen. Anexample of one such suitable commercially available motion detector formonitoring club and ball dynamics is that available from FocaltronCorporation, Sunnyvale, Calif., and marketed as the GOLFACHIEVER™System. Preferably, the object motion sensor is an optical or laser-typemotion detector or tracking device, such as those described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,626,526, and incorporated herein by reference.

[0061] One or more video cameras, such as indicated at 38 and 40, arepositioned about the bay 26 for capturing actual video or motion imagesof the user's movement during his or her execution of a golf swing. Thevideo cameras may be positioned at various angles and positions tocapture different views or perspectives of the user during their golfswing. In the embodiment shown, the cameras are positioned and directedat generally right angles from one another, with one being directedtoward the front of the user and the other directed down range from theside of the user.

[0062] Optical motion capturing cameras 42 are positioned at elevatedpositions near the ceiling at several locations around the bay 26. Inthe embodiment shown, a total of six such cameras are used. The cameras42 are high-resolution, visible red or infrared cameras of the type usedin optical motion capturing systems. In such systems, retro-reflectivemarkers, such as the markers 50, 52 and 54, are attached to the userand/or object moved by the user at different strategic points. Thesecameras are located around the individual and used with specializedsoftware that can be provided with a computer 44, as shown in FIG. 2, totriangulate the different views from each camera to establish3-dimensional X, Y, Z coordinates or data in what is referred to as atranslation step. This is combined with rotational data from the anglesof links between various joint centers, as determined by the markers. Bycombining this translational and rotational data, an output of a3-dimensional model of the user can be created and displayed on agraphical display device. This data can also be used for comparisonfeedback and instruction purposes when comparing data from a practiceswing to a template or model swing.

[0063] Such optical motion capturing systems are known in the art forproviding computer-generated animated figures for motion pictures andthe like. An example of a suitable commercially available optical motioncapturing system is available from Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford,England, and marketed as the VICON™ 460 Motion System.

[0064] The computer 44 is provided for processing data regarding theuser's golf swing, such as the motion data from the optical motioncapturing system just described. Each of the weight placement sensor,object motion sensor and visual or motion information detection deviceare coupled to the computer 44. The computer 44 is provided withprograms or software that enables the information and data from thesedevices to be stored and processed to provide the desired feedback tothe user.

[0065] Information can also be input into the computer by the user bymeans of a suitable control or input mechanism, such as the controlpanel 46. The control panel 46 may be used in conjunction with agraphical display device 48 for inputting data, commands or instructionsfor the computer 44.

[0066] The graphical display device 48 is preferably located at aposition adjacent to or in visual proximity to the user. The device 48may include a cathode-ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD)device or other similar device commonly used for displaying movingimages. Such devices may include one or more conventional, projection orflat screen televisions or monitors.

[0067] In the particular embodiment shown, the screen of the displaydevice 48 is split into four quadrants 56A-56D, with each quadrantproviding different information, which will be described in more detailbelow. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art, that a varietyof different methods and display formats may be used, however.

[0068] A speaker 58 is also located within bay 26 for providing audiofeedback to the user. Alternatively, headphones or other means forproviding audio feedback may be provided. In a preferred embodiment,prerecorded natural or synthetically verbalized audio feedback isprovided.

[0069] Referring to FIG. 3A, the upper left quadrant 56A of the displaydevice 48 is shown in greater detail. The quadrant 56A providesinformation from the motion sensor 36 relating to the dynamics andmovement of the golf club and ball as the user moves them, as well asinformation regarding a selected simulated hole being played. As can beseen, the quadrant 56A is divided further into various panels orwindows, with information being provided in both a textual format aswell as in pictorial or animated images displayed within the panels. Ascan be seen, images representing the simulated hole and projected ballpath, club angle during impact, etc. are shown. The information andformat displayed can be varied, however. In the particular embodimentshown, panels 60, 62 display an animated or pictorial representation ofthe ball path projection in relation to a hole or target 59, with panel60 being a front elevational view and panel 62 being a side elevationalview. The hole or target 59 may correspond in distance and appearance toone or more actual holes or marker pins located downrange at a drivingrange or other open area to which the bay 26 opens. Other views of thesimulated hole and ball projection may be provided as well. Distancemarker indicia 61 can be provided to indicate the distance of the ballfrom the tee or starting point, which corresponds to the actual tee 32of mat 30.

[0070] Panel 64 is a snapshot pictorial representation of the golf clubswing path upon impact with the golf ball. Panel 66 is a snapshotpictorial representation of the clubface position, indicating the degreeto which the clubface is closed or open upon impact. Panel 68 is apictorial representation of the ball and club indicating the take offorientation of the ball with respect to the clubface upon impact. Suchpictorial representations provide information of each of the user'sshots.

[0071] In addition to pictorial images, textual information can beprovided as well. Panel 70 provides summarized tabulated statisticalinformation regarding the dynamics of the golf club and ball movementduring the executed golf swing. Data can be compiled so that a historyof several of the user's shots can be presented on screen.

[0072]FIG. 3B is an alternate down range perspective view of thesimulated golf hole view that can be selected and presented in quadrant56A. It too may include textual and tabulated data, as well as pictorialand animated images.

[0073]FIG. 3C shows an alternate screen for quadrant 56A showing solelytabulated data for several shots that can be selected by means of thecontrol panel 46. The user can switch between the different views of thequadrant 56A as desired. An example of the type of information that canbe provided is presented below in Table 1 below. TABLE 1 Shot 1 2 3 4Last Average Max Ball Path Height (yd) 26 7 23 25 25 21.2 yd Flight Time(sec) 7.2 4.0 6.7 7.1 7.0 6.4 sec Distance of Ball From Pin (ft) 24.3119.1 97.4 9.6 52.0 60.5 ft Distance Off Line (yd) 8 4 10 −3 −1 3.6 +/−5 yd Position of Face Impact Ctr. Heel Toe Heel Ctr. T/C/H: 1/2/2 FaceAngle  3.9°  1.0°  7.1°  −1.8°  0.5° 2.1° +/− 3° Swing Path Angle   1° −2°   3°     1°   1° 1° +/− 2° Distance (yd) 147 111 119 150 133 132+/− 15 yd Sidespin (rpm) −147 333 −407 93 −120 −50 rpm Backspin (rpm)6974 3298 6790 6734 7090 6177 +/− 1445 rpm Launch Angle 22.3°  9.6°27.3°   21.1° 25.5° 21.2° +/− 6.2° Clubhead Speed (mph) 78 80 73 78 7877 +/− 2 mph Ball Speed (mph) 105 101 90 105 98 100 +/−6 mph

[0074]FIGS. 4A and 4B show details of upper right quadrant 56B of thedisplay device 48. In the embodiment shown, quadrant 56B providesinformation from the weight placement mat or sensor 34 relating toposition properties of the user's feet and center of gravity. Theposition properties monitored include the weight placement ordistribution, orientation and alignment of the user's feet and changesor movement in the weight distribution and position and alignment thatoccur during execution of the swing. A model or template stance 72 canbe provided on the display in relation to the ball or tee 32 toillustrate a preferred stance for a particular club or shot beingplayed, such as provided by template information. This assists the userin proper positioning of his or her feet during the swing for correctsetup and alignment. Actual footprint images 74 showing differentpressure areas, such as the areas 76, 78, from the sensor 34 are alsodisplayed. The actual images 74 preferably are simultaneously displayedso that the user can adjust his or her stance or alignment by viewingthe display and adjusting their stance accordingly to more appropriatelymatch that of the model 72.

[0075] The pressure areas 76, 78, which may be one or more differentlycolored or contrasted regions, indicate the relative degree of pressureexerted by the user's feet upon the mat 34. This allows the user orothers viewing the display to identify the area of the feet where theuser exerts the most weight or pressure. Thus, for example, byindication of the regions 76, 78 one may determine that the userprimarily places most of his or her weight on the inside portion of theleft foot during all or part of the swing.

[0076] A marker 80 indicating the user's center of gravity is alsodisplayed. FIG. 4A shows the initial location of the center of gravity.FIG. 4B, shows the history and path of the center of gravity during aswing, as indicated by the dashed line 82. As illustrated, the center ofgravity is shown shifting or moving to the right, such as during abackswing of the user, and then to the left and slightly forward, suchas may occur during a forward swing.

[0077] Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, a detailed view of the displayedinformation presented in lower left quadrant 56C is shown. FIGS. 5A and5B provide different views of the user, as provided by the video cameras38, 40 discussed previously, with FIG. 5A being a front view of theuser, and FIG. 5B being a side view looking downrange. The differentviews may be selected by the user by means of the control panel 46.Other views may be provided as well.

[0078] In the embodiment shown, the quadrant 56C is divided verticallyinto left and right screens or sections 84, 86, respectively. One of thesections, such as section 84 provides the actual moving image or ananimated representation of the user during the user's actual golf swing.The other section 86 can provide a moving image of a model or templateswing. The model image provided in section 86 may be of a previouslyperformed swing of the user himself or of another, such as aprofessional instructor or coach, performing the same or a similarswing. As discussed previously, the images may be actual images of thoseperforming the swing, such as video images, or may be an animatedrepresentation of the user. Preferably, the images of the sections 84,86 are synchronized as close as possible when viewed so that when theuser begins his or her back swing, the back swing of the model ortemplate also commences. The images may be superimposed one upon theother for comparison purposes, as well.

[0079] A marked path or history of the swing may be displayed by motionor tracking lines, shown as the dashed lines 88, 90. These lines areformed by tracking markers attached to the club or user during the swingthat are perceived and monitored by the video cameras 38, 40. Thisenables one to view the range of motion during the swing and facilitatescomparison of the user's image with that of the model or template.

[0080] FIGS. 6A-6C show various displayable views of 3-dimensionalmodels created by the optical motion capturing system, such as theVICON™ 460 Motion System previously discussed, employing the cameras 42and various markers, such as the markers 50, 52, 54. These are displayedin lower left quadrant 56D. The optical motion capturing system providesdifferent 3-dimensional models of the user 85. FIG. 6A illustratesvarious positions of the user's club 91 during the swing. FIG. 6B showsthe swing path arc 89 during the swing, which is determined by the pathof a single point on the club 91. FIG. 6C shows the position of theuser's body during the swing. As can be seen, a line 93 representing avertical axis of the user, which generally indicates the position of theuser's spine is provided. Further, a line 95 passing through andindicating the position of the user's shoulders and a line 97 passingthrough and indicating the position of the user's hips is also provided.These lines are determined by means of links made between markersattached to the user's body, such as the markers 50, 52 and 54.Additionally, lines of sight 99 are also provided that generallyindicate where the user is looking when the user is looking in astraight forward position. The sight lines 99 are established by theorientation of the user's head, as determined by markers positionedthereon.

[0081] In this way, the relative orientation and position of the user'sbody during the swing can be determined to allow the user to see what isoccurring during the swing. The different views can be rotated by meansof the controller 46 so that the user can observe the displayed3-dimensional models from any angle or orientation. Further, the usercan rewind or playback the images and stop or start the different imagesfrom any point during the swing, such as at the beginning of the backswing, top of the swing or follow through.

[0082]FIG. 7 shows detail of the control panel 46. The control panel 46may be a pointing or highlighting device for use with a graphicalinterface provided on the display 48. The graphical interface can be inthe form of a menu, such as the menu 92 (FIG. 8) having several menuoptions 94 located on the screen of the display 48. The menu 92 may bepositioned and configured in a variety of different ways. The device 46is composed of four buttons 96A-96D for up, down, left and rightmovement of a cursor or pointer over the menu 92 for highlighting orpointing to the various menu options 94. A button 98 for selecting thehighlighted menu option is provided in the center of the control panel46. The control panel 46 is located at a position for ease of access tothe user when positioned on or near the driving station 30, but thatdoes not interfere with the movement of the user during execution of thegolf swing. In the embodiment shown, the control panel is located on awall of the bay 26 immediately below the display device 48 and within ashort distance so that the user can reach the buttons of the controlpanel with the end of his or her golf club. The buttons 96A-96D and 98are also of sufficient size to enable the user to easily target andcontact the desired button with the club end with little chance ofselecting the wrong button.

[0083] Alternatively to the control panel 46, a conventional keyboard ormouse provided with the computer 44 can also be used to input variouscommands or instructions or select the desired menu options.

[0084] The operation of the feedback system in practicing a golf swingis described with reference to the flow diagram of FIG. 9. A practicesession is shown beginning at 100. An individual enters user data andidentifying information 102 for the practice session. This may beinitial user data, such as the user's name, etc. so that a user databaseis created for associating and storing data collected during the user'spractice session. Additionally, users may enter data and identifyinginformation so that the computer 44 can access and retrieve anypreviously stored user data, such as stored swings and template data.This may be accomplished by the user providing a removable data storagedevice, such as a diskette or CD, from one or more previous practicesessions with the user data contained therein. Alternatively, the userdata may be stored on a server or computer system at the practicefacility or that can be accessed through the practice facility server orcomputer system, which may be interconnected or networked with othercomputers or servers containing the user data.

[0085] The user is outfitted with markers, such as the markers 50, 52,54, for use with the optical motion capturing device, as previouslydescribed. These may be positioned on the user's hat, glove and the golfclub. Markers can also be positioned across the user's shoulders, waistand other areas, if desired. Once the user information is entered, theuser then selects desired variables and information 104. This may beaccomplished by means of the control panel 46 and displayed menu 92presented on the display 48, which presents various options to select.The menu may prompt the user as to whether the user wants to begin a newsession or continue an old session that was previously stored in a datastorage device that is provided with the computer 44. The menu mayprompt the user to select a desired hole and any hole variables, such aswind, temperature, conditions of grass, elevation, etc. Alternatively,in step 104, the computer 44 can provide or assign a random hole andhole variables and provide the information regarding the hole, such asdistance to the hole, etc. on the display in quadrant 56A. Once the holeis selected, the user chooses a desired club and enters any club andball information, such as club type and brand of the club, ball type andbrand, tee height, or any other information or variable that may affectthe user's performance.

[0086] Once the user enters the selected information, the user can beginhis or her set up and alignment 106 for the practice swing. During setupand alignment the user positions a ball on the tee 32 and takes positionupon the mat 30 and addresses the ball. The computer 44 will provide atemplate or model stance on the display 48, as indicated by the modelstance 72, as in FIG. 3A, based upon the hole being played and theinformation entered by the user, such as the club being used. The modelstance may be derived from a previously recorded stance of the user orof another that indicates proper alignment and set up for the hole andclub being used.

[0087] In step 108, the weight placement sensor 34 will sense the usersposition and actual footprint images 74 of the user will be displayed sothat the user can adjust his or her stance accordingly to more closelymatch that of the model 72. Audio instruction feedback can be providedto the user through the speaker 58 or other audio feedback device toprompt the user regarding the differences in the user's actual stanceand that of the template so that the user is afforded an opportunity toadjust their stance in step 110. This is accomplished by comparing theactual weight distribution data of the user from the sensor 34 to thepreviously stored template or model data for the model stance.

[0088] Once the user is in position and ready, the user executes his orher practice swing 112 while the properties of the swing are monitored114. The object motion sensor 36 will sense and monitor the impact ofthe club and ball. During the practice session, the video cameras 38, 40and cameras 42 of the optical motion capturing system can becontinuously recording and monitoring. The data from the sensors isprovided to the computer 44 or other data processing system. Thecomputer 44 will provide real-time feedback from the data monitored bythe various devices to the user on the display so that the user sees theresults immediately upon completion of his or her swing. This willinclude the display of non-comparative monitored data feedback 116.Additionally, the monitored data is compared to the template swing instep 118 and comparative feedback 120 is displayed so that the user cansee the differences between the swing performed and the template swing.

[0089] The displayed feedback 116, 120 will include the playback of therecorded information from the video and optical motion capturing devicesmade during the swing and the weight placement images. As shown in FIGS.5A and 5B of quadrant 56C, the video of the user is played back in aside-by-side comparison to a stored template image in section 86. Thestored template image may also be superimposed with the performed swing.As discussed previously, these should be synchronized as close aspossible so that the model swing generally coincides with the executedswing during playback. This may be accomplished by monitoring the momentof ball impact and providing playback for the recorded events that occura selected period of time prior to and after the sensed impact of theclub with the ball, which is sufficient to provide playback of theentire swing. The impact of the club and ball may be monitored ordetected by means of the motion sensor 36, or the mat 30 or tee 32 maybe provided with a sensor, such as a pressure, optical or audio sensor,to monitor the moment of impact. The recorded playback may includerecorded images beginning from a time window beginning from the firstseconds or fraction of a second proceeding the impact of the club withthe ball, and continuing for the seconds or fraction of a second afterimpact with the ball to include both the back swing and follow throughof the club.

[0090] The optical motion capturing device will also provide a3-dimensional model of the user during his or her swing in quadrant 56D.Preferably, the playback of the weight placement data in quadrant 56B,the video images in quadrant 56C and the three-dimensional animatedmodel of quadrant 56D include the same time window and are allsynchronized so that when viewed simultaneously on the display device 48they all correspond to the same point in the swing.

[0091] Instruction feedback 124, based upon the compared actual andtemplate swings, in the form of visual or audio feedback is alsoprovided. Audio feedback may include prerecorded natural or synthesizedverbal audio instruction feedback, which is announced over the speaker58 or other audio feedback device after execution of the swing.

[0092] For example, during the swing, the user's weight placement may beoff, with too much weight being placed on the right foot during the backswing, as compared to the template. Additionally, the user may haveswung “outside in” by several degrees. Accordingly, stored audio verbalinstructions that are assigned to such monitored swing characteristicsmay be played after the swing to inform the user too much weight wasplaced on the right foot during the back swing and that the club wasswung from outside in. Such instructions could also be displayed as textor images on the display device 48 as well. This provides a means forthe user to determine errors or mistakes that might not otherwise beapparent without observation by a coach or instructor.

[0093] Because the dynamics of a golf swing are fairly complex, numerousvariables and data may be monitored by the different sensors andcompared by the computer to the template swing. There may be moreinformation or feedback for instructions on differences between theactual swing and the template swing than would be practical to the user.Too much information or too many instructions could actually overwhelmor frustrate the user. The number of instructions can therefore bevaried depending upon the skill level of the user, such as beginner,intermediate and expert, with the number of instruction increasing withthe level of expertise.

[0094] A filter 122 can be used to limit the number of instructionsprovided to the user prior to providing the instruction feedback 124.This may be in the form of a program or routine provided with thecomputer or data processing system that selects only those aspects ofthe swing where differences in the data between the actual swing andtemplate swing are greatest to be provided as instruction feedback.Thus, a small manageable number of instructions may be presented orprovided in the instruction feedback. The user could also create afilter in step 104 by selecting the desired properties or aspects theywant to monitor and desire to be provided as instruction feedback.

[0095] The filtering feature has particular application during coachingor training when the instructor desires the individual performing thegolf swing to only focus or concentrate on certain aspects of the swing.The instructor can select the desired properties of the swing to bemonitored so that the instruction feedback only relates to thoseproperties. For example, the instructor may want the user to concentrateon maintaining their head in a level head down position with the user'seyes focused on the ball. By selecting the monitored properties relatedto head position and movement and filtering out other feedback,instruction feedback can be provided by the system to the user regardingthe position of their head during the swing. This focuses the student onthe areas that may need the most improvement.

[0096] The feedback information will usually be provided within a fewseconds after the swing, and in most instances no more than the typicalflight time of the golf ball after it is hit. The information is thusprovided so that the user can see the results of his or her swing inreal time immediately afterwards. This will include the information fromthe object motion sensor 36 regarding the dynamics of the club and ball,such as distance, speed, projected path, etc., as previously discussed,as well as the weight placement, video and motion capture playback.

[0097] After the execution of the swing and feedback have been provided,the user may want to replay and study the feedback information 126.Different views for this purpose may also be selected by means of thecontrol panel and on-screen menu. The user may want to review and replaythe weight placement images of the model swing while also viewing theweight placement images from his or her actual swing. Thus, the user mayselect that quadrant 56D display weight placement properties of themodel. The user may also want to enlarge one of the quadrants 56A-56D sothat a full screen image on the display device 48 is provided.

[0098] The user can play, stop, reverse or forward through the playbackof the images presented on the display 48 by means of the control panel46 and selected menu options presented on the screen 48. This allows theuser to stop at various points in the swing or play the swing in slowmotion or incrementally for a more detailed review of the swing. Becausethe images are synchronized and shown simultaneously, the user can alsosee how the weight placement data in quandrant 56B various at differentpositions in the swing, as shown by the motion images displayed inquandrants 56C and 56D.

[0099] The instruction feedback can also inform the user on aspects ofthe swing where the greatest differences were monitored from the modelswing. The user can then replay and study the images to see whatactually occurred during the swing where the greatest differences wheremonitored.

[0100] Upon completion of the swing, the user can end the practicesession 134 or continue the practice session, in which case steps 104 or106 are repeated and the process begins again, with each swing beingmonitored and data and feedback being provided with each new swing.

[0101] Typically, the data from each swing will be entered and storedonly temporarily in the computer's or data processing system's memory.The user, however, can save data 130 for selected swings prior tocontinuing so that they can be recalled and replayed at another time.Additionally, the user or an instructor can save one or more of theswings for use as template or model swing in this steps. Thus, the usercan use one of his or her swings that was a particularly good swing forcomparison with future swings.

[0102] At the end of the practice session 134, the user may retrievestored user data 136 from the practice session, which can be copied ontoa removable data storage device such as a diskette or CD. The user canthen remove and take the diskette or CD with them and use it at the sameor another similar facility for a future practice session or sessions.Additionally, the user may want to use the diskette or CD containing theinformation on a personal computer system for replay and review of thestored data. In this way, the user can make further study of his or hergolf swings at a convenient time and place.

[0103] In accordance with the invention, several practice stations ofthe type just described can be provided at a single location. Thus,several bays, such as the bays 26, may be provided at a suitablefacility, such as a driving range, so that several users can beaccommodated simultaneously for practicing their golf swing utilizingthe repetitive motion feedback system. Referring to FIG. 10, acommunication network is shown, wherein each of the practice stations,such as the practice stations 140, 142 and 144, may be coupled to alocal network server or central computer system 146 for collecting,processing and storing the monitored repetitive motion data andproviding feedback output at the practice station facility. Otherpractices stations may also be provided at different geographiclocations, such as the stations 148, 150 and 152, with each of thesebeing coupled or communicating with a server or computer system 154.These computer systems may in turn be networked together or to a largernetwork 156 that is composed of other interconnected network servers orcomputer systems, such as the Internet, and which may include one ormore data storage networks for storing user data from the individualpractice session facilities.

[0104] After a user has completed a practice session, instead of relyingon storing the user data on a removable data storage device, the usermay rely on the stored data stored on the facility computer system orother data storage computer system or network where such data is stored.Thus, if the user utilizes another practice facility having a server orcomputer system that is networked or connected to the server containingthe user's data, the user will be able to retrieve and access suchstored data at the other facility to begin a new practice session. Inthis way, by merely entering identifying information sufficient to allowthe user's data to identified and accessed, the user can retrieve his orher previously stored user data for use with a new practice session.

[0105] Additionally, users who want to access their user data for replayand review can do so from a remote personal computer, network orInternet terminal, such as indicated by the user systems 158, which isinterconnected, by modem, cable or other device, with the network orserver containing the stored data. Such user systems 158 may be providedwith appropriate software or programs to provide a suitable display ofthe user data that is the same or similar to the display provided by thedisplay device during the user's practice session. Instructors wishingto monitor their students performance may also be able to access theuser's information from a remote location.

[0106] One application of the present repetitive motion feedback systemis for use in a game, competition or other comparative activity, inwhich users are able to compete against one another or compareperformances of the repetitive motion activity. This is accomplished byusing repetitive motion data that is monitored utilizing the repetitivemotion feedback system described herein from various users orindividuals in a comparison user database that are stored in one or moreservers or computer systems that are interconnected, as has beendescribed with reference to FIG. 10, to allow the data from the varioususers to be accessed and retrieved at different stations or locations.

[0107] Referring to FIG. 11, a flow diagram illustrating a competitiveor comparative mode of operation is shown. The competitive mode issimilar to the practice mode, previously described. The user begins asession 160 and enters user data or identifying information 162 in muchthe same way as the practice session. The user then selects acompetitive mode and assigns any necessary variables or information 164needed for the competition or comparison. It is possible that the usermay want to switch between practice and competitive modes, with a menuoption or prompt being provided to select the mode of use. In thecompetitive mode, variables may include different competitive modes thatthe user can compare or compete in with other users. Additionally, theuser may want to continue a previously conducted comparison orcompetition session that is stored and accessed when the user enters hisor her user information.

[0108] These competitive modes may vary with any one or more of thevarious aspects measured by the feedback system being monitored forcomparison. Thus, for example, one mode may be for the longest drivewith a certain type of club. Another may include a combination ofmonitored aspects, such as closest distance to hole with shortest flighttime. One mode may include most consistent form, wherein the user takesseveral swings that are compared to a template swing. Still anotherexample may include a most improved user, wherein the user's performanceas compared to a model or template swing is monitored over time to seehow the user improves over a period of time in more closely matching thetemplate swing or an aspect of the template swing. By measuringdifferences between the user's swings to the template, values can bedetermined as to the overall differences. These values can then becompared to other users to provide a hierarchy or ranking of those withthe most consistent or improved performance.

[0109] As can be seen, the number of different modes or comparativemeasurements can vary widely and is only limited by the different datathat is monitored and presented. Thus, a comparative mode could be basedon any one or combination of two or more monitored properties or aspectsof the monitored swing or repetitive motion. The comparison may alsoinclude other variables, categories or different user groups categorizedby such criteria as age, sex, handicap, skill level, etc.

[0110] Once the user selects the comparative mode, the database(s) wherethe comparative user data for that particular mode is stored is accessedand retrieved 166. The graphical display may list comparative data 168of other performer(s) and provide an output of the highest rankedperformers' comparative information. The user then executes his or herswing 170 and the data or properties from the swing are monitored 172and feedback provided 174. Preferably, the result of the user's swing incomparison with those of other comparative users is displayedimmediately or in real time so that the user sees the results of his orher swing upon its execution. Audio or visual feedback, much like theinstruction feedback described for the practice mode, can also beprovided to the user so that user is informed on their performancecompared to the highest ranked user or other users.

[0111] The user may replay and review their performance 176, as in thepractice mode. The user may also be allowed to replay and review themonitored performance of other comparative user's on the display device,such as a particular individual or the top performer or performers, inthe same way.

[0112] Depending upon the user's performance, the user may decide tostore the swing in the comparison user database 180 for comparison orcompetition purposes or disregard the swing 178. Alternatively, incomparison mode, the swing may be automatically stored or may bedesignated as a comparative swing prior to execution for comparison orcompetition purposes so that the user must rely on his or her executedswing, regardless of their particular performance during execution ofthe swing. The user may then continue the session 182 by executinganother swing, with one or more swings being stored for comparisonpurposes, or an average or other statistical compilation of severalswings for each user may be used.

[0113] The competition or comparative mode may continue indefinitely orend after a period of time, with a winner or best performer beingdetermined at the end of the selected time period of competition. Uponending the session 184, the user may be provided with an updated orfinal comparative ranking 186. Users can monitor the status of suchcompetitions at home or remote locations by accessing the database froma computer or remote user system, such as the user system 158 of FIG.10, interconnected with the database(s) where the comparative data isstored.

[0114]FIG. 12 shows a batting cage or bay 26′ incorporating therepetitive motion feedback system of the invention. The batting cage 26′is similar to the golf bay 26 of FIG. 2, with similar componentsdesignated with the same reference numerals and indicated with a primesymbol. In batting, the ball may be hit from a stationary position, aswhen positioned on a tee (not shown), or may be pitched or otherwisedirected by another or apitching machine (not shown) to the user as amoving target. As can be seen, the motion sensor 36′ is positionedalongside the user and configured to monitor the motion properties inthe area where the bat and ball contact one another when the ball ishit. The feedback system and modes of operation for batting aregenerally the same as those previously described with respect to golf.

[0115] The invention has several advantages over the prior art. Thefeedback system does not employ cumbersome devices that are typicallynot used during normal performance of the repetitive motion activity.The repetitive motion feedback system provides a means for determiningdetailed information regarding a user's performance of the repetitivemotion. There is no need for a coach or instructor to oversee the userduring his or her performance to provide feedback and instruction. Infact, the feedback system can provide more detailed informationregarding the repetitive motion than most coaches or instructors canusually provide by mere observation of the performer.

[0116] The information is provided immediately in real time uponperforming the repetitive motion so that the user can review and studythe information immediately after the performance and during his or herpractice session.

[0117] Feedback can be provided by the feedback system based upondifferences in the user's performance to a template. This allows theuser to know what the user is doing differently from the template andallows the user to attempt correction of the repetitive motion.Affirmative instruction feedback can also be provided based upon thedifferences between the performed activity and the template so that theuser knows what he or she is doing wrong without having to make detailedstudy. Further, based upon the instruction feedback, the user can reviewor replay the displayed repetitive motion sequence to focus on thosethings indicated by the instruction feedback that were occurring duringthe performance so the user can see just what and how it occurred.

[0118] Data regarding the user's performances can be stored and accessedthrough a communication network so that the user can access and reviewthe information at a different place and time, as well. The user can seepast performances and monitor improvements in the repetitive motionactivity or see differences between past and future performances.

[0119] The feedback system also can be used by coaches and instructors,as well, to help them analyze an individuals performance and therebyprovide more effective instruction. The coach or instructor may alsoassist the user in determining or selecting a suitable template or modelrepetitive motion sequence for future comparison purposes.

[0120] The device can be used in facilitating selection of equipmentused during the repetitive motion sequence. The feedback system allowsthe individual to analyze their performance and see how they performwith different equipment, such as shoes, rackets, clubs, balls, etc.

[0121] The feedback system can also be used to compare the user'sperformance with other performers. Thus, the system can be used as agame or competition wherein individual users can compete or comparetheir performances with one another. A number of different feedbacksystems can be interconnected by a communication network so that userscan compete with one another or access their own information fromdifferent locations.

[0122] While the invention has been shown in only some of its forms, itshould be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not solimited, but is susceptible to various changes and modifications withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it isappropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in amanner consistent with the scope of the invention.

I claim:
 1. A method of practicing a repetitive motion by an individual comprising: having the individual perform a repetitive motion sequence; monitoring a combination of at least two of properties a, b and c during the motion sequence, wherein the properties a, b and c are comprised of: (a) motion properties of an object moved by the individual during the repetitive motion sequence; (b) position properties of the individual during the motion sequence; and (c) movement properties of the individual during the motion sequence; and graphically displaying information relating to the properties of the monitored combination simultaneously with or immediately after the repetitive motion sequence on a graphical display device that is in visual proximity to the individual so that the individual is provided with the information upon performing the repetitive motion sequence.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing a repetitive motion template of a previously monitored combination of a repetitive motion sequence; comparing the newly monitored repetitive motion sequence to the repetitive motion template; and providing feedback to the individual based upon differences in the newly monitored repetitive motion sequence to the repetitive motion template.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: providing feedback includes providing audio feedback.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: the audio feedback is verbal feedback.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein: providing feedback includes providing visual feedback on the graphical display device.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein: the repetitive motion template is a previously monitored repetitive motion sequence of the individual.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: storing the properties of the monitored combination in a data storage device.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein: the repetitive motion sequence includes a golf swing; and the object moved includes a golf ball and golf club.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: the combination includes all of the elements a, b and c.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein: the position properties of the individual include the position properties of the individual's feet.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein: the position properties of the individual include the weight distribution of the individual.
 12. A repetitive motion feedback system for a repetitive motion performed by an individual comprising: a feedback output device; a combination of at least two elements a, b and c, wherein the elements a, b and c are comprised of: (a) an object motion sensor for providing motion data of a moving object when moved by the individual during a motion sequence; (b) a position sensor for providing position data of the individual during the motion sequence; and (c) a motion capturing device for capturing motion image data of the individual during the motion sequence; and a data processing system for receiving data from the combination of at least two elements and providing feedback data that is provided to the feedback output device.
 13. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 12, wherein: the feedback output device includes a graphical display device.
 14. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 12, wherein: the motion data includes speed and direction data of the moving object.
 15. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 12, further comprising: a data storage device coupled to the data processing system; and a template of previously stored data from the combination of the at least two elements from a previously performed motion sequence stored by the data storage device; and wherein the data processing system compares newly monitored data to the previously stored data to determine differences in the newly stored and previously stored data and provides feedback data based upon the differences in the compared newly monitored and previously stored data.
 16. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 15, further comprising: a communication network coupled to the data storage device for communicating the stored data to another location.
 17. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 15, wherein: the feedback output device is an audio feedback device for providing audio feedback.
 18. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 15, wherein: the feedback output device is a visual feedback device for providing visual feedback.
 19. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 12, wherein: the combination includes all of the elements a, b and c.
 20. A repetitive motion feedback system for a repetitive motion performed by an individual comprising: a feedback output device; a data monitoring system comprised of at least one of the following elements: (a) an object motion sensor for providing motion data of a moving object when moved by the individual during a motion sequence; (b) a position sensor for providing position data of the individual during the motion sequence; and (c) a motion capturing device for capturing motion image data of the individual during the motion sequence; a data processing system for receiving and storing data from the data monitoring system; and a template of previously stored data from the data monitoring system from a previously performed motion sequence stored by the data processing system, the data processing system comparing newly received data to the previously stored data to determine differences in the newly received and previously stored data, the data processing system providing feedback based upon the differences in the compared newly received and previously stored data to the feedback output device.
 21. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 20, further comprising: a filter for selectively limiting the feedback that is provided to the feedback output device.
 22. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 20, wherein: the feedback output device is an audio feedback device for providing audio feedback.
 23. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 22, wherein: the feedback output device provides verbalized audio feedback.
 24. The repetitive motion feedback system of claim 20, wherein: the feedback output device is a visual feedback device for providing visual feedback.
 25. A method of practicing a golf swing by an individual comprising: having the individual perform a golf swing sequence; monitoring a combination of at least two of properties a, b and c during the golf swing sequence wherein the properties a, b and c are comprised of: (a) motion properties of an object moved by the individual during the golf swing sequence; (b) position properties of the individual during the golf swing sequence; and (c) movement properties of the individual during the golf swing sequence; and graphically displaying the properties of the monitored combination simultaneously with or immediately after the golf swing sequence on a graphical display device that is in visual proximity to the individual so that the individual is provided with the monitored properties upon performing the golf swing sequence; providing a golf swing template of a previously monitored combination of a golf swing sequence; comparing the newly monitored golf swing sequence to the golf swing template; and providing feedback to the individual based upon differences in the newly monitored golf swing sequence to the golf swing template.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein: providing feedback includes is an audio feedback device for providing audio feedback.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein: the audio feedback is verbal feedback.
 28. The method of claim 25, wherein: providing feedback includes providing visual feedback on the graphical display device.
 29. The method of claim 25, wherein: the golf swing template is of the previously monitored golf swing sequence of the individual.
 30. The method of claim 25, further comprising: storing the properties of the monitored combination using a data storage device.
 31. The method of claim 25, wherein: the object moved includes a golf ball.
 32. The method of claim 25, wherein: the object moved includes a golf club.
 33. A feedback system for a golf swing performed by an individual comprising: a feedback output device; a combination of at least two elements a, b and c, wherein the elements a, b and c are comprised of: (a) an object motion sensor for providing motion data of a moving object when moved by the individual during a golf swing sequence; (b) a position sensor for providing weight placement data of the individual during the golf swing sequence; and (c) a motion capturing device for providing motion image data of the individual during the golf swing; a data processing system for receiving and storing data from the combination of at least two elements; and a template of previously stored data from the combination of at least two elements from a previously performed golf swing sequence stored by the data processing system, the data processing system comparing newly received data to the previously stored data to determine differences in the newly received and previously stored data and providing feedback relating to the newly received and previously stored data to the feedback output device.
 34. The feedback system of claim 33, further comprising: a communication network coupled to the data processing system for communicating the stored data to another location.
 35. The feedback system of claim 33, wherein: the feedback output device provides audio feedback.
 36. The feedback system of claim 33, wherein: the feedback output device includes a graphical display device.
 37. The feedback system of claim 34, wherein: a remote data receiving system coupled to the communication network for accessing the stored data at a location remote from the data processing system.
 38. A method of practicing a golf swing performed by an individual comprising: having the individual perform a golf swing; monitoring position properties of at least one of the individual's feet during the golf swing; and graphically displaying the position properties in the form of footprint images of the at least one of the individual's feet, the footprint images having contrasted areas corresponding to the relative degree of pressure exerted by the at least one of the individual's feet during the golf swing simultaneously with or immediately after the golf swing on a graphical display device that is in visual proximity to the individual so that the individual is provided with the images upon performing the golf swing.
 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising: providing a golf swing template of previously monitored position properties; comparing the newly monitored position properties to the template; and providing feedback to the individual based upon differences in the newly monitored position properties to the template.
 40. A method of practicing a golf swing performed by an individual, comprising: having the individual perform a golf swing; monitoring movement properties of the individual during the golf swing; and graphically displaying information in the form of a 3-dimensional model of the individual relating to the monitored properties upon performing the golf swing on a graphical display device that is in visual proximity to the individual so that the individual is provided with the information upon performing the golf swing, and wherein the three-dimensional model allows the individual to selectively view the model at any point during the golf swing and from any desired angle.
 41. A method of comparing at least two different individuals' performances of a repetitive motion sequence, comprising: having the individuals each perform a repetitive motion sequence; monitoring at least one of properties a, b and c during the motion sequence, wherein the properties a, b and c are comprised of: (a) motion properties of an object moved by the individuals during the repetitive motion sequence monitored by an object motion sensor; (b) position properties of the individuals during the motion sequence monitored by a position properties sensor; and (c) movement properties of the individuals during the motion sequence as monitored by a motion capturing device; and comparing the at least one of the monitored properties of the individuals; and providing comparative feedback based on differences between the monitored properties of the individuals.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein: the comparative feedback is provided on a graphical display device.
 43. The method of claim 41, wherein: data relating to the monitored properties of at least one of the individuals is stored on a data storage device that is coupled to a communication network; wherein comparing the monitored properties includes retrieving the stored data of the at least one individual from the data storage device through the communication network and comparing the stored data to data of the other at least two individuals relating to the monitored properties. 